See which certificate authorities are allowed to issue for a domain, following the same inheritance up the tree that a CA follows before it issues.
CAA governs certificates. None of the records that decide whether a receiving server trusts your mail are in it, and those are the ones that quietly cost you delivery.
A DNS record naming which certificate authorities may issue certificates for your domain. Every public CA is required to check it before issuing, and to refuse if it is not named.
No, and most domains do not have one. It is a hardening measure rather than a requirement, and it matters most for domains where a fraudulent certificate would be valuable to somebody.
On the domain itself, or on any name above it. Because CAA is inherited, a record on example.com governs mail.example.com unless that name publishes its own.
No. It only affects issuance and renewal, not certificates already issued. It will break the next renewal if the authority doing the renewing is not on the list.
Not directly. It governs certificates, which matter for the TLS your mail servers use in transit, but it is not one of the records that decides whether your mail is trusted.